I know what many of the symptoms of PCOS are. But can it also affect your growth (meaning, height) in adolescence?

PCOS by itself won't directly affect height, but sex hormones can affect height. Estradiol promotes greater bone mineral density on the lower body and also causes the epiphyseal plates to fuse earlier, as a result of which linear growth ceases earlier, and hence women tend to be shorter than men. Women with PCOS have higher levels of androgens (e.g. testosterone, DHT) but they don't necessarily have lower levels of estradiol, so it'll mainly depend on estradiol. If it's low, the leg bones will be relatively longer and thinner; if it's high along with androgens, they'll be relatively shorter and thicker.

No PCOS do not affect height. It only affects regular ovulation in ovaries. In some it produces hirsuitism due to androgenic hormone excess.